Table 1 Definitions of dysfunctional voiding symptoms

Daytime frequency

Increased: voiding more than seven times during waking hours; decreased: fewer than four voids

Incontinence

Uncontrollable leakage of urine [continuous or intermittent]

Nocturia

Awakening at night to void

Urgency

The sudden and unexpected experience of an immediate need to void

Hesitancy

Difficulty in initiating voiding after gaining bladder control regardless of age

Straining

Using abdominal pressure to initiate and maintain voiding

Weak stream

Observed ejection of urine with weak force

Holding maneuvers

Behaviors such as tiptoe standing, leg-crossing, or pressing hands into the perineum to suppress urgency while squatting [Vincent's curtsy] in children with bladder control regardless of age

Post-micturition dribble

Involuntary urinary leakage immediately after voiding has finished in children with bladder control regardless of age

Vaginal reflux

Involuntary urinary leakage within 10 min post-voiding due to vaginal entrapment of urine [in toilet-trained prepubertal girls]

Intermittent stream

Urine released in discrete bursts rather than a continuous stream [normal in children under four years of age]

Enuresis

Involuntary loss of urine during sleep

Dysuria

Discomfort or burning sensation during voiding