Fig. 4

Outcome parameters. a Bar graphs of stays in days. b Stacked bar graph showing proportion of patients (%) with complications (all; left), or gastro-intestinal complications (GI; right). c Bar graph showing the number of total (all; left) and GI (right) complications. d Stacked bar graph showing proportions of GI complications (%). e Comparative bar graph showing the distribution of the highest Clavien Dindo classification (CDC) scores per patient. f Bar graph of comprehensive complication index. g Bar graph of time before intake, flatus, defecation and drain removal. For a, c and g, data represent median ± interquartile range, and p-values were calculated using non-parametric two-sided Mann-Whitney U tests. For b, p-values were calculated using Chi-square tests. For f, data represent mean ± standard deviation and the p-value was calculated using a parametric two-sided Student’s t-test. For b, d and e, the numbers in the bars indicate the number of patients. ICU: intensive care unit