Fig. 3

Patient demographics. a-e Bar graphs of age in years (a), body mass index (BMI, b), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (c), smoking pack years (d), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; e). For a, c-e, Data represent median ± interquartile range and p-values were calculated using non-parametric two-sided Mann-Whitney U tests. For b, data represent mean ± standard deviation and the p-value was calculated using a parametric two-sided Student’s t-test. f-n Stacked bar graphs showing proportion of patients per sex (f), with or without diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2; g), vascular disease (h), chronic kidney disease (CKD; i), previous abdominal surgery (j), previous neo-adjuvant therapy (k), bladder cancer (l), prostate cancer (m), and benign tumour (n). P-values were calculated using Chi-square tests (f-k, n) or Fischer’s exact tests (l, m). o Grouped bar graph showing proportions of patients (%) per pathological stage. For f-o, the numbers in the bars indicate the number of patients