Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study population according to the tertiles of AIP index, weighted

Age (year)

45.83 ± 0.41

47.96 ± 0.37

49.09 ± 0.30

 < 0.001

Male gender, % (SE)

36.51 (0.90)

49.09 (0.91)

61.43 (0.91)

 < 0.001

Race, % (SE)

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

6.27 (0.65)

9.06 (0.88)

10.71 (0.95)

 Non-Hispanic Black

16.55 (1.16)

10.85 (0.74)

5.87 (0.50)

 Non-Hispanic White

64.07 (1.56)

66.18 (1.55)

68.49 (1.49)

 Other Hispanic

5.15 (0.58)

6.13 (0.55)

6.50 (0.65)

 Other Races

7.96 (0.62)

7.77 (0.54)

8.43 (0.61)

 Annual household income (under $20,000), % (SE)

12.42 (0.78)

14.63 (0.86)

15.59 (0.95)

0.001

 Education level (above high school), % (SE)

67.18 (1.36)

59.81 (1.21)

54.92 (1.39)

 < 0.001

 Moderate physical activity, % (SE)

24.60 (0.84)

23.13 (0.88)

24.63 (1.01)

0.114

 Smokers, % (SE)

37.79 (1.11)

43.40 (1.06)

52.15 (1.01)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes, % (SE)

4.72 (0.37)

8.75 (0.46)

16.16 (0.72)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, % (SE)

24.38 (0.96)

33.33 (1.11)

41.94 (1.03)

 < 0.001

 Cardiovascular disease, % (SE)

6.54 (0.49)

8.40 (0.48)

12.61 (0.63)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²), % (SE)

 < 0.001

 Normal weight

48.70 (1.07)

26.86 (1.01)

12.95 (0.65)

 Overweight

29.65 (0.76)

34.68 (0.97)

33.96 (0.92)

 Obesity

21.65 (0.87)

38.46 (0.92)

53.09 (1.07)

 ALT (U/L)

21.39 ± 0.31

24.25 ± 0.28

29.57 ± 0.35

 < 0.001

 AST (U/L)

24.39 ± 0.29

24.51 ± 0.26

26.42 ± 0.32

 < 0.001

 GGT (U/L)

22.26 ± 0.50

26.56 ± 0.52

34.69 ± 0.65

 < 0.001

 Glycohemoglobin (%)

5.44 ± 0.01

5.60 ± 0.01

5.90 ± 0.02

 < 0.001

 FPG (mmol/L)

5.53 ± 0.02

5.83 ± 0.02

6.47 ± 0.05

 < 0.001

 TG (mmol/L)

0.69 ± 0.00

1.16 ± 0.01

2.35 ± 0.03

 < 0.001

 TC (mmol/L)

5.13 ± 0.02

5.30 ± 0.02

5.51 ± 0.02

 < 0.001

 HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.75 ± 0.01

1.36 ± 0.01

1.07 ± 0.00

 < 0.001

 LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.70 ± 0.02

3.02 ± 0.02

3.12 ± 0.02

 < 0.001

 Scr (μmol/l)

74.63 ± 0.54

77.69 ± 0.44

80.79 ± 0.58

 < 0.001

 SUA (μmol/L)

294.93 ± 1.47

326.88 ± 1.57

360.02 ± 1.84

 < 0.001

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

98.22 ± 0.52

94.70 ± 0.46

93.33 ± 0.44

 < 0.001

 Kidney stones, % (SE)

7.33 (0.55)

9.97 (0.51)

12.57 (0.61)

 < 0.001