Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population in NHANES from 2007 to 2018, weighted
|  | Overall (N = 14,833) | Non-kidney stones (N = 13,412) | Kidney stones (N = 1,421) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 47.59 ± 0.25 | 46.96 ± 0.26 | 53.41 ± 0.52 |  < 0.001 |
Male gender, % (SE) | 48.76 (0.45) | 48.20 (0.47) | 53.84 (1.67) | 0.001 |
Race, % (SE) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 8.64 (0.75) | 8.86 (0.76) | 6.58 (0.86) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 11.20 (0.75) | 11.82 (0.79) | 5.58 (0.68) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 66.20 (1.40) | 65.20 (1.42) | 75.34 (1.82) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 5.91 (0.52) | 5.96 (0.52) | 5.45 (0.81) |  |
 Other Races | 8.05 (0.47) | 8.16 (0.47) | 7.04 (0.86) |  |
 Annual household income (under $20,000), % (SE) | 14.18 (0.70) | 14.15 (0.70) | 14.41 (1.27) | 0.814 |
 Education level (above high school), % (SE) | 60.77 (1.11) | 60.87 (1.11) | 59.81 (1.91) | 0.528 |
 Moderate physical activity, % (SE) | 24.12 (0.57) | 24.43 (0.61) | 21.29 (1.46) | 0.024 |
 Smokers, % (SE) | 44.30 (0.78) | 43.84 (0.75) | 48.57 (2.29) | 0.029 |
 Diabetes, % (SE) | 9.76 (0.36) | 8.83 (0.38) | 18.24 (1.26) |  < 0.001 |
 Hypertension, % (SE) | 33.03 (0.68) | 31.47 (0.71) | 47.23 (1.85) |  < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular disease, % (SE) | 9.12 (0.35) | 8.41 (0.37) | 15.6 (1.29) |  < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), % (SE) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Normal weight | 29.89 (0.67) | 31.07 (0.69) | 19.16 (1.32) |  |
 Overweight | 32.71 (0.51) | 32.82 (0.53) | 31.73 (1.77) |  |
 Obesity | 37.39 (0.68) | 36.11 (0.69) | 49.10 (1.84) |  |
 ALT (U/L) | 24.98 ± 0.17 | 24.99 ± 0.19 | 24.92 ± 0.44 | 0.874 |
 AST (U/L) | 25.09 ± 0.17 | 25.13 ± 0.18 | 24.69 ± 0.39 | 0.315 |
 GGT (U/L) | 27.71 ± 0.31 | 27.59 ± 0.34 | 28.80 ± 0.89 | 0.224 |
 Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.64 ± 0.01 | 5.62 ± 0.01 | 5.88 ± 0.04 |  < 0.001 |
 FPG (mmol/L) | 5.93 ± 0.02 | 5.89 ± 0.02 | 6.31 ± 0.06 |  < 0.001 |
 TG (mmol/L) | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 1.37 ± 0.02 | 1.52 ± 0.04 |  < 0.001 |
 TC (mmol/L) | 5.31 ± 0.01 | 5.31 ± 0.01 | 5.35 ± 0.04 | 0.269 |
 HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 1.41 ± 0.01 | 1.31 ± 0.01 |  < 0.001 |
 LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.94 ± 0.01 | 2.94 ± 0.01 | 2.94 ± 0.03 | 0.955 |
 Scr (μmol/L) | 77.64 ± 0.33 | 77.19 ± 0.34 | 81.75 ± 1.50 | 0.004 |
 SUA (μmol/L) | 326.61 ± 1.04 | 325.46 ± 1.10 | 337.08 ± 3.12 | 0.001 |
 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 95.47 ± 0.34 | 96.14 ± 0.36 | 89.41 ± 0.75 |  < 0.001 |
 AIP index | -0.07 ± 0.01 | -0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |  < 0.001 |